2024 How many hours for a bachelor

Response: Forty-four percent of 2015–16 first-time bachelor’s degree recipients completed their degree 48 months or less after first enrolling in postsecondary education. One-half of those age 23 years or younger graduated in 45 months or less, compared with 162 months or less for those age 30 years or older. Median and percentage ...Credit requirements for master’s degrees. Plan A degrees: 10 master’s thesis credits (xxxx8777) and a minimum of 20 graduate-level course credits. Plan B degrees: a minimum of 30 graduate-level course credits, including Plan B Project credits as defined by each program and approved by the college. Plan C degrees: a minimum of 30 graduate ... The exact number of classes may vary by major and school, but typically students can expect to log upward of 30 credit hours. By contrast, minors generally require 18 credit hours or more ...54 hours; Unspecified electives: additional hours necessary to achieve a minimum of 120 total credit hours 3...2-6 hours. 1 Bachelor of Arts Foreign Language Requirement: The Bachelor of Arts requires 12 hours of one foreign language (classical or modern) in addition to items A and B above. Consult your specific degree program for additional ... A bachelor's degree is generally around 120 credit hours, but some programs require more, experts note. Ultimately, that may mean more credit hours packed into each semester for students who...Jun 25, 2018 · Since most courses are typically worth three credits per class, you will need to successfully pass 40 classes to earn the bachelor’s degree. Completion of requirements for a bachelor’s degree takes about four years on average, assuming you take at least 15 semester hours for two semesters per year. College semesters are typically 15 weeks long. At least 25% of the credit hours required by the degree (e.g., 30 semester credit hours for a 120 credit hour program) of which 24 semester credit hours must be advanced (3000 or 4000-level), 12 semester credit hours (SCH) of advanced (3000 or 4000-level) coursework within each major field of study, Bachelor’s degrees are undergraduate degrees offered at four-year colleges or universities that typically require 120 semester hours of coursework. This translates to four years of full-time study. Besides covering twice as many courses as an associate’s degree, the curricula of bachelor’s degree programs are more advanced.The cost of a bachelor's degree in general studies differs depending on the type of institution (public vs. private or in-state vs. out-of-state schools) and a student's enrollment status (full-time vs. part-time learning).Step 1: Get prerequisites and health care experience. To become a PA, you must graduate from an ARC-PA accredited entry-level PA program. Most entry-level PA programs require applicants to have an undergraduate degree. However, some PA programs offer a pre-professional phase that is open to recent high school graduates and students with some ...A minimum of 120 credit hours is required for graduation with a baccalaureate degree; at least 45 credit hours must be in upper-division courses. Some programs may require more than 120 credit hours and 45 upper-division credit hours for graduation. Associate degrees require a minimum of 60 credit hours. Students should check the program's ...To be awarded a second bachelor’s degree, students must earn a minimum of thirty additional semester hours in the program. For students pursuing two degrees simultaneously, these thirty hours will be added to the minimum total of semester hours needed for the degree requiring the least number of hours. Since most courses are typically worth three credits per class, you will need to successfully pass 40 classes to earn the bachelor’s degree. Completion of requirements for a bachelor’s degree takes about four years on average, assuming you take at least 15 semester hours for two semesters per year. College semesters are typically 15 weeks long.Credit requirements for master’s degrees. Plan A degrees: 10 master’s thesis credits (xxxx8777) and a minimum of 20 graduate-level course credits. Plan B degrees: a minimum of 30 graduate-level course credits, including Plan B Project credits as defined by each program and approved by the college. Plan C degrees: a minimum of 30 graduate ...Dec 20, 2022 · The amount of credits needed to graduate from college varies by degree level. You will typically need to earn 60 credits for an associate degree, 120 credits for a bachelor's degree and 30-60 credits for a master's degree. Ashley Wallis. Dec 20, 2022. The exact number of classes may vary by major and school, but typically students can expect to log upward of 30 credit hours. By contrast, minors generally require 18 credit hours or more ...Jun 12, 2023 · Most master’s degree programs require you to take 30 to 60 credit hours of coursework. Some programs involve as many as 72 credit hours. It’s possible to complete a 34-credit Master of Applied Data Science degree in as little as twelve months. A 72-credit Master of Business Administration (MBA), on the other hand, will likely take two to ... 1. Education – Earn a 4-year bachelor’s degree with a focus in accounting or business plus additional semester hours for a total of 150. 2. Exam – Pass all 4 parts of the Uniform CPA Examination. 3. Experience – Complete 1-2 years of relevant and verified accounting and accounting-related experience.Bachelor's degrees in general are designed to be completed in four years provided the student takes the program as a full-time student. The credit hours in general can run from 124 to 128. However ...Getting two bachelor’s degrees can be a great option for a lot of reasons. First, you get the classes and credit hours you need all at one time and you don’t have to pay graduate school tuition (Bonus! You qualify for a ton of scholarships as an undergrad). Second, you can take a lot of courses in another field that complements accounting ...Finish In Four. The general requirements for an undergraduate baccalaureate degree from The Ohio State University are governed by section 3335-9-30 of the University Faculty Rules. Graduation requirements are specified by the college or school that oversees the degree being pursued. Most baccalaureate degrees require 121 semester credit hours ...Jul 19, 2023 · Accountants also offer taxation and compliance expertise. Required Education: Most accountants need at least a bachelor's degree. Accountants with CPA licensure often hold master's degrees in accounting. Job Outlook (2021-31): +6%. 2021 Median Annual Salary: $77,250. Dec 20, 2022 · The amount of credits needed to graduate from college varies by degree level. You will typically need to earn 60 credits for an associate degree, 120 credits for a bachelor's degree and 30-60 credits for a master's degree. Ashley Wallis. Dec 20, 2022. Aug 15, 2023 · College degrees generally take between four and five years to complete when you're enrolled full-time, but the length of time it takes you to graduate will depend on the number of courses you take each year. Learn more about how to get a bachelor's degree and faster ways to graduate. A bachelor’s in elementary education degree can make you a more attractive candidate for a variety of career options. Plus, 60,200 new jobs are estimated to open for kindergarten and elementary school teachers from 2021 to 2031, 2 and according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, kindergarten and elementary school teachers have a median annual wage of $61,350 as of May 2021. 3 This ...Students with the right combination of approved aviation courses and total flight hours may qualify. For more details, please contact Academic Advising at (800) 424-9595 . Apply Now Request InfoMany Bachelor of Arts degrees require at least 6 additional semester credit hours of foreign language at the 200-level. Students should consult with an academic advisor about specific language requirements for their degree program.Student eligibility requirements: Earned at least 70 credit hours. Did not earn a bachelor’s degree from CSU or another four-year institution. Stopped-out (unenrolled) from a bachelor’s program for at least two consecutive semesters; summer terms do not apply. Stopped-out within the last 10 years. Oct 31, 2022 · Whether an online associate degree takes you more or less than 2 years to complete, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS) reports that obtaining this degree leads to higher earnings and lower unemployment. In 2021, individuals with associate degrees earned a median weekly salary of $963, compared to high school graduates who earned $809. Bachelor's degrees in general are designed to be completed in four years provided the student takes the program as a full-time student. The credit hours in general can run from 124 to 128. However ...Bachelor’s degrees typically take between four and five years to complete or a minimum of 120 college credits. Majors can include a number of subjects, such as psychology, computer science, business, nursing, or English. Traditionally obtained in-person at a college campus, bachelor’s degrees have become increasingly easier to earn online as well.3620.1 General Policy. To graduate with a bachelor's degree from Wright State University, all students must fulfill the following requirements: Credit Hours -A minimum of 120 semester hours must be earned in approved courses. Grade Point Average -A minimum cumulative GPA of 2.0 must be earned for courses taken at Wright State University. Elements of the Degree. An undergraduate bachelor’s degree consists of different elements: course work, credit hours, and degree requirements. Many students will build their degree with a major – an area of study – and the university core curriculum. Some students might consider adding on a minor or undergraduate certificate to complement ... How many credits does it take to earn a bachelor's degree? To earn a bachelor’s degree, a student typically needs to earn 120 credits. Although, for some degrees, this number could be higher. Given that most colleges and universities use the three-credit-per-class system, 120 credits translates to approximately 40 courses.Jun 15, 2023 · In fact, a number of students earn their associate degree at a lower-cost community college before transferring to a four-year college or university to finish their bachelor's. Remember that for in-state students, the average annual cost of attending a community college was $3,800 in 2021, compared to $10,740 for a public four-year school ... 11 Three Years College. 3 years of college. 90-119 semester hours or 135-179 quarter hours completed. 12 Four Years College. Four years of college. 120 or more semester hours or 180 or more quarter hours or 180 or more quarter hours completed - no baccalaureate (Bachelor’s) degree. 13 Bachelor’s Degree.Associate’s degrees require the completion of 60 credit hours and generally take two years to complete, while Bachelor degrees require the completion of 120 credit hours and generally take four years to complete. However, there are a number of variables that can increase or decrease the total time that it will take to finish your degree.To be awarded a second bachelor’s degree, students must earn a minimum of thirty additional semester hours in the program. For students pursuing two degrees simultaneously, these thirty hours will be added to the minimum total of semester hours needed for the degree requiring the least number of hours. Whether an online associate degree takes you more or less than 2 years to complete, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS) reports that obtaining this degree leads to higher earnings and lower unemployment. In 2021, individuals with associate degrees earned a median weekly salary of $963, compared to high school graduates who earned $809.University-Wide Requirements. To complete a baccalaureate degree, a student must (1) satisfactorily complete the degree curriculum requirements, (2) make an overall C average (2.00 GPA) on all hours scheduled and rescheduled at all institutions attended, including Mississippi State University, (3) make a C average (2.00 GPA) on all hours ...Most bachelor’s degrees in psychology require between 120-130 credit hours, with 30-36 of those credits being courses in psychology. Range for Master’s Degree in Psychology A master’s degree in psychology allows practitioners in some states to secure their license and work in private practice. Complete at least 120 credit hours of general education, major, and elective coursework Earn a minimum cumulative GPA (usually 2.0), as established by your institution Finish all coursework within a set time period, usually seven to eight years, though most students earn their bachelor's degree in four to five yearsAccountants also offer taxation and compliance expertise. Required Education: Most accountants need at least a bachelor's degree. Accountants with CPA licensure often hold master's degrees in accounting. Job Outlook (2021-31): +6%. 2021 Median Annual Salary: $77,250.Higher education programs include associate, bachelor’s, masters, professional, and doctorate degrees. Depending on the degree — students can expect to complete these around 30 to 120 credit hours. Bachelor’s Degree Credit Hours. Bachelor’s degrees are generally 120 credits minimum and usually take four years to complete.54 hours; Unspecified electives: additional hours necessary to achieve a minimum of 120 total credit hours 3...2-6 hours. 1 Bachelor of Arts Foreign Language Requirement: The Bachelor of Arts requires 12 hours of one foreign language (classical or modern) in addition to items A and B above. Consult your specific degree program for additional ...The table below includes information about K-12 teaching requirements for first-time licensure. Many states differ in specifics, but all states require licensed teachers to earn at least a bachelor's degree. Some states mandate the type of degree a teacher holds, specific coursework, and the amount of practical experience completed.There are many ways to finance your degree, including financial aid, grants, scholarships, and loans. 5. Attend BSN classes. Complete the required courses and obtain clinical hours to get hands-on experience. Learn how to work independently with your own patients. 6. Graduate with a BSN. Congrats on earning your degree!An associate’s degree is a two-year degree earned from a post-secondary institution like a community college or vocational college. They typically cost half as much (or less) than a bachelor’s degree. An associate degree can be a stand-alone or count towards the first two years of a bachelor’s degree if you transfer to a 4-year college.To qualify for graduation with a bachelor’s degree, a student must complete, through Texas State coursework, at least 25 percent of the minimum number of semester credit hours required for the degree; within this requirement, at least 24 semester credit hours must be advanced (junior or senior) and at least 12 hours of the advanced work must ... There are many ways to finance your degree, including financial aid, grants, scholarships, and loans. 5. Attend BSN classes. Complete the required courses and obtain clinical hours to get hands-on experience. Learn how to work independently with your own patients. 6. Graduate with a BSN. Congrats on earning your degree!Students with the right combination of approved aviation courses and total flight hours may qualify. For more details, please contact Academic Advising at (800) 424-9595 . Apply Now Request InfoThe student must complete in-residence at least 60 semester hours of coursework counted toward the degree. (This requirement is waived for students in the Associate Degree in Nursing to Bachelor of Science in Nursing (ADNBSN), a degree program for registered nurses who hold associate's degrees or diplomas in nursing.) Mar 21, 2023 · The table below includes information about K-12 teaching requirements for first-time licensure. Many states differ in specifics, but all states require licensed teachers to earn at least a bachelor's degree. Some states mandate the type of degree a teacher holds, specific coursework, and the amount of practical experience completed. Since most courses are typically worth three credits per class, you will need to successfully pass 40 classes to earn the bachelor’s degree. Completion of requirements for a bachelor’s degree takes about four years on average, assuming you take at least 15 semester hours for two semesters per year. College semesters are typically 15 weeks long.Associate’s degrees require the completion of 60 credit hours and generally take two years to complete, while Bachelor degrees require the completion of 120 credit hours and generally take four years to complete. However, there are a number of variables that can increase or decrease the total time that it will take to finish your degree. In addition to specific course and scholastic average requirements, each candidate for a bachelor's degree from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign must earn at least 60 semester hours of Illinois credit, of which as least 21 hours must be 300- or 400-level courses at this campus (Student Code Art 3-801). Consult your admissions ...Sep 30, 2022 · In general, bachelor’s degree programs require that students complete 120 credits to graduate. Most students will actually take more than 120 credit hours because they may choose to pick up a second major or start a minor or certificate. This evens out to about 40 classes over the course of four years as a fulltime student. Undergraduate face-to-face: Students must earn a minimum overall TOEFL score of 500 (paper-based), 60 (Internet-based), 5.5 IELTS, ACCUPLACER ESL 259, or Cambridge 160 with at least the following scores on each of the exam subsections. Prior to registration, students will be given a language placement exam to determine whether ESL studies are ...A bachelor’s in elementary education degree can make you a more attractive candidate for a variety of career options. Plus, 60,200 new jobs are estimated to open for kindergarten and elementary school teachers from 2021 to 2031, 2 and according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, kindergarten and elementary school teachers have a median annual wage of $61,350 as of May 2021. 3 This ... Step 1: Get prerequisites and health care experience. To become a PA, you must graduate from an ARC-PA accredited entry-level PA program. Most entry-level PA programs require applicants to have an undergraduate degree. However, some PA programs offer a pre-professional phase that is open to recent high school graduates and students with some ...Oct 25, 2021 · An associate degree has a requirement of at least 60 credit hours of coursework. In a traditional semester format, you can think of that in terms of roughly 15 credit hours per semester. At University of Phoenix, students take one 5-week course at a time over an approximate program length of two years. This flexibility allows working adults or ... 2 days ago · All states require CPA candidates to complete 150 semester hours of college coursework to be licensed, which is 30 hours more than the usual 4-year bachelor’s degree. Many schools offer a 5-year combined bachelor’s and master’s degree to meet the 150-hour requirement, but a master’s degree is not required. Semester credits are worth 1.5 times more than quarter credits. Thus, a 120-credit-hour bachelor degree under the conventional system is equal to a 180-credit-hour degree under the quarter credit system. Approximate degree lengths: Associate 60 = 90; Bachelor's 120 = 180; Master's 36 = 54; Understand quarter credits before you buyAll states require CPA candidates to complete 150 semester hours of college coursework to be licensed, which is 30 hours more than the usual 4-year bachelor’s degree. Many schools offer a 5-year combined bachelor’s and master’s degree to meet the 150-hour requirement, but a master’s degree is not required.Aug 15, 2023 · College degrees generally take between four and five years to complete when you're enrolled full-time, but the length of time it takes you to graduate will depend on the number of courses you take each year. Learn more about how to get a bachelor's degree and faster ways to graduate. Here are the college degrees in order, from lowest ranking to highest: Associate degree (undergraduate) Bachelor's degree (undergraduate) Master's degree (graduate) Doctoral degree (graduate) While a doctorate is the highest education level, some fields may stop at a master's. The phrase "terminal degree" refers to the highest degree in a field ...Bachelor’s degrees are undergraduate degrees offered at four-year colleges or universities that typically require 120 semester hours of coursework. This translates to four years of full-time study. Besides covering twice as many courses as an associate’s degree, the curricula of bachelor’s degree programs are more advanced. Bachelor’s degrees are undergraduate degrees offered at four-year colleges or universities that typically require 120 semester hours of coursework. This translates to four years of full-time study. Besides covering twice as many courses as an associate’s degree, the curricula of bachelor’s degree programs are more advanced. Elements of the Degree. An undergraduate bachelor’s degree consists of different elements: course work, credit hours, and degree requirements. Many students will build their degree with a major – an area of study – and the university core curriculum. Some students might consider adding on a minor or undergraduate certificate to complement ...Aug 2, 2023 · For instance, you must typically complete 120 credit hours for bachelor’s degree programs. In many cases, the program you attend to complete your degree will not only require you to complete a total number of credits but also dictate where those credits should come from, in terms of educational areas. How Many College Credits Equal a Bachelor ... May 31, 2022 · 120 college. Most bachelor’s degree programs require 120 college credits. At a four-year institution granting an average of three credits per class, that’s five classes per semester. Many institutions require more than 120 credit hours to graduate, with some programs exceeding 140 total credit hours. Complete at least 120 credit hours of general education, major, and elective coursework Earn a minimum cumulative GPA (usually 2.0), as established by your institution Finish all coursework within a set time period, usually seven to eight years, though most students earn their bachelor's degree in four to five yearsMost master’s degree programs require you to take 30 to 60 credit hours of coursework. Some programs involve as many as 72 credit hours. It’s possible to complete a 34-credit Master of Applied Data Science degree in as little as twelve months. A 72-credit Master of Business Administration (MBA), on the other hand, will likely take two to ...Sep 30, 2022 · In general, bachelor’s degree programs require that students complete 120 credits to graduate. Most students will actually take more than 120 credit hours because they may choose to pick up a second major or start a minor or certificate. This evens out to about 40 classes over the course of four years as a fulltime student. Contact hours: 0.067: 15 Contact Hours = 1 USC Credit : Spain: IE Universitas: ECTS: 0.5: 2 ECTS = 1 USC Credit : Spain: Universidad de Granada: Contact hours: 0.067: 15 Contact Hours = 1 USC Credit : Spain : University of Deusto : US Credits : 1 : 1 Credit = 1 USC Credit : Spain: University of Seville: Contact hours: 0.067: 15 Contact Hours ...Credit requirements for master’s degrees. Plan A degrees: 10 master’s thesis credits (xxxx8777) and a minimum of 20 graduate-level course credits. Plan B degrees: a minimum of 30 graduate-level course credits, including Plan B Project credits as defined by each program and approved by the college. Plan C degrees: a minimum of 30 graduate ... Elements of the Degree. An undergraduate bachelor’s degree consists of different elements: course work, credit hours, and degree requirements. Many students will build their degree with a major – an area of study – and the university core curriculum. Some students might consider adding on a minor or undergraduate certificate to complement ... Jun 25, 2018 · Since most courses are typically worth three credits per class, you will need to successfully pass 40 classes to earn the bachelor’s degree. Completion of requirements for a bachelor’s degree takes about four years on average, assuming you take at least 15 semester hours for two semesters per year. College semesters are typically 15 weeks long. Since most courses are typically worth three credits per class, you will need to successfully pass 40 classes to earn the bachelor’s degree. Completion of requirements for a bachelor’s degree takes about four years on average, assuming you take at least 15 semester hours for two semesters per year. College semesters are typically 15 weeks long.The exact number of classes may vary by major and school, but typically students can expect to log upward of 30 credit hours. By contrast, minors generally require 18 credit hours or more ...In general, bachelor’s degree programs require that students complete 120 credits to graduate. Most students will actually take more than 120 credit hours because they may choose to pick up a second major or start a minor or certificate. This evens out to about 40 classes over the course of four years as a fulltime student.According to the American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 94% of BSN graduates gain employment within 4-6 months of finishing the program. Nurses with a bachelor's degree also earn an average of $16,000 more than those with an associate degree. Ultimately, there are a variety of reasons why aspiring nurses choose a BSN program.Typically, the more credit hours you have, the closer you are to earning a degree. It’s not quite that simple, though. Not only do you need to have at least 120 credit hours before you can graduate with a bachelor’s degree, but they must be earned from certain courses or departments. You may need around 45 general education credits, 45 ...At least 25% of the credit hours required by the degree (e.g., 30 semester credit hours for a 120 credit hour program) of which 24 semester credit hours must be advanced (3000 or 4000-level), 12 semester credit hours (SCH) of advanced (3000 or 4000-level) coursework within each major field of study,

An associate degree has a requirement of at least 60 credit hours of coursework. In a traditional semester format, you can think of that in terms of roughly 15 credit hours per semester. At University of Phoenix, students take one 5-week course at a time over an approximate program length of two years. This flexibility allows working adults or .... Preisblattpercent20netznutzungpercent20strom_2009.pdf

Classes Start Every 8 Weeks. At many universities, including DeVry, a bachelor's degree requires a minimum of 120 credit hours. Some bachelor's degrees may require more credit hours depending on the area of study. It’s understandable to have questions about credit hours. Bachelor’s Degree. The Bachelors of Science in Engineering (BSE) degree in Mechanical Engineering (ME) at the University of Michigan requires students to complete 128 credit hours of courses in various categories, which include: College of Engineering (CoE) core, intellectual breadth, ME program specific courses, and general electives. The amount of credits needed to graduate from college varies by degree level. You will typically need to earn 60 credits for an associate degree, 120 credits for a bachelor's degree and 30-60 credits for a master's degree. Ashley Wallis. Dec 20, 2022.120 college. Most bachelor’s degree programs require 120 college credits. At a four-year institution granting an average of three credits per class, that’s five classes per semester. Many institutions require more than 120 credit hours to graduate, with some programs exceeding 140 total credit hours.An associate degree has a requirement of at least 60 credit hours of coursework. In a traditional semester format, you can think of that in terms of roughly 15 credit hours per semester. At University of Phoenix, students take one 5-week course at a time over an approximate program length of two years. This flexibility allows working adults or ...Finish In Four. The general requirements for an undergraduate baccalaureate degree from The Ohio State University are governed by section 3335-9-30 of the University Faculty Rules. Graduation requirements are specified by the college or school that oversees the degree being pursued. Most baccalaureate degrees require 121 semester credit hours ...Associate’s degrees require the completion of 60 credit hours and generally take two years to complete, while Bachelor degrees require the completion of 120 credit hours and generally take four years to complete. However, there are a number of variables that can increase or decrease the total time that it will take to finish your degree.Most bachelor’s degrees in psychology require between 120-130 credit hours, with 30-36 of those credits being courses in psychology. Range for Master’s Degree in Psychology A master’s degree in psychology allows practitioners in some states to secure their license and work in private practice. An associate degree has a requirement of at least 60 credit hours of coursework. In a traditional semester format, you can think of that in terms of roughly 15 credit hours per semester. At University of Phoenix, students take one 5-week course at a time over an approximate program length of two years. This flexibility allows working adults or ...There are many ways to finance your degree, including financial aid, grants, scholarships, and loans. 5. Attend BSN classes. Complete the required courses and obtain clinical hours to get hands-on experience. Learn how to work independently with your own patients. 6. Graduate with a BSN. Congrats on earning your degree!Jan 21, 2022 · The cost of a bachelor's degree in general studies differs depending on the type of institution (public vs. private or in-state vs. out-of-state schools) and a student's enrollment status (full-time vs. part-time learning). 54 hours; Unspecified electives: additional hours necessary to achieve a minimum of 120 total credit hours 3...2-6 hours. 1 Bachelor of Arts Foreign Language Requirement: The Bachelor of Arts requires 12 hours of one foreign language (classical or modern) in addition to items A and B above. Consult your specific degree program for additional ... A typical bachelor’s degree takes 120 credits, which is about 40 courses. However, there is a maximum on credit hours, meaning that if you go over that amount, you will no longer have access to financial aid. The 150 financial aid rule prohibits students from going 150% over the normal graduation timeframe, which is six years for a bachelor ...A bachelor's degree is generally around 120 credit hours, but some programs require more, experts note. Ultimately, that may mean more credit hours packed into each semester for students who...Typically, the more credit hours you have, the closer you are to earning a degree. It’s not quite that simple, though. Not only do you need to have at least 120 credit hours before you can graduate with a bachelor’s degree, but they must be earned from certain courses or departments. You may need around 45 general education credits, 45 ....

Popular Topics